Pediatric obesity is a complex health issue. It occurs when a child is well above the normal or healthy weight for his or her age and height. The main causes of excess weight depend upon behaviour and genetics. Behaviours can include dietary patterns, physical activity, inactivity, medication use, and other exposures. Pediatric obesity leads to dangerous diseases like Risk for Heart Diseases & Diabetes, High blood pressure and Bone problems etc.

Pediatric oncology is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in children. Pediatric oncology is a specialty discipline in medicine concerned with diagnosing and treating children, usually up to the age of 18, with cancer. It is thought to be one of the most challenging of specialties because, despite successful treatment of many children, there is a high mortality rate still associated with various types of cancers. The treatment of childhood cancer depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, possible side effects, the family’s preferences, and the child’s overall health.

Pediatric Cardiology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart as well as parts of the circulatory system. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.

Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric surgery ascended in the middle of the 20th century as the surgical care of Pediatrics. In this pediatric surgery different types of novel techniques and methods are most commonly used at children's hospitals. Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include: neonatal surgery and foetal surgery

Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Pediatric infections are caused by infectious agents including viruses, viroid’s, prions, bacteria, nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms, arthropods such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, fungi such as ringworm, and other macro parasites such as tapeworms and other helminths. Specific medications used to treat pediatric infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoal, and anthelminthic.

Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of new-born infants; especially the ill or premature new born infant. Premature babies and other very sick new-borns face some of the medical issues. The infant is undergoing many adaptations to extrauterine life, and its physiological systems, such as the immune system, are far from fully developed. There are many diseases and disorders during neonatal period.

Pediatric nurses provide preventative and acute care in all settings to children and adolescents. Pediatric Nurse Practitioners perform physical exams, diagnose illness and injury, and provide education and support to patients’ families. They often work in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit with pediatricians and other health care providers. Prevention and health education is a big part of pediatric nursing. Pediatric nurses often staff community health fairs and visit schools to perform physical exams, immunize children, and provide routine developmental health screenings. A healthy mind, a healthy body and proper health care is very important in children. By having regular check-ups for growth and development, and taking care of any illnesses or issues that arise, pediatric nurses and doctors can help children grow up strong and healthy.

Pediatric Gastroenterology is concerned with treating the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas of children from infancy until age eighteen. The principal diseases it is concerned with are acute diarrhoea, persistent vomiting, gastritis, and problems with the development of the gastric tract. The correct function of the gastric tract and the internal health is related to the nutrition that the child or its mother receives. From the prenatal period, correct nutrition can affect the developing of the system, short bowel syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastroschisis or omphalocele to the postnatal period with diseases such as diarrhoea.

Pediatric dermatology deals with the skin, nails, hair and its diseases. The recent subjects in the field of Pediatric  Dermatology which includes New forms of contact dermatitis in children, fibrocystic disease of pancreas and aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, Systemic Beta-Blockade for infantile hemangiomas, Universal Acquired abnormal deposits of melaninin skin  for paediatrics, Griscelli syndrome, Systemic therapies for Psoriasis, PCOS- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in children, Pediatric Psoriasis: pathologic process and Relation to immune response, Pediatric Psoriasis: Clinical characteristics and Diagnosis and Treatments.

Pediatric Nephrology concerns with the study of normal kidney function, kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy. Also deals with Systemic conditions that affect the kidneys and systemic problems that occur as a result of kidney problems. The division evaluates and treats hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis, glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure.

Pediatric ophthalmologists focus on the development of the visual system and the various diseases that disrupt visual development in children. Pediatric ophthalmologists also have expertise in managing the various ocular diseases that affect children. In addition to children with obvious vision problems, children with head turns, head tilts, squinting of the eyes, or preferred head postures are also treated by pediatric ophthalmologist.

Historically, child protection has been commonly perceived to be a matter of concern to professionals in specialized social service, health, mental health, and justice system. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. The earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal and break the cycle—rather than perpetuate it. By learning about common signs of abuse and what you can do to intervene, you can make a huge difference in a child’s life.

Breast Feeding has important ingredients that are not found in any infant formula, to build the baby’s immune system. Breast milk changes from feed to feed to suit each baby’s unique needs, making it the perfect food to promote healthy growth and development. Production of breast milk will takes place in memory glands of the mother. The region in the gland where milk is produced is known as alveoli. It is the source of all valuable and essential nutrients that are helping an infant in its proper physical and mental growth and development. Breastfeeding helps keep baby healthy, protect them from diseases, allergies, helps in easy digestion, babies have little or no problem of constipation, diarrhoea, upset stomach and also shows effect on gastrointestinal development.

Childhood immunizations are recommended, because they protect against diseases or make a disease less severe if your child does get it. Many immunizations require more than one dose, given at varying intervals. And there is no need to restart the series if a scheduled dose is missed, the immunization should be given as soon as possible.

Pediatric urology is a surgical subspecialty of medicine dealing with the disorders of children's genitourinary systems. Pediatric urologists provide care for both boys and girls ranging from birth to early adult age. The most common problems are those involving disorders of urination, reproductive organs and testes. Pediatric urologists treat children with reconstructive problems related to the genitourinary tract

Pediatric dentistry is the dental specialty that provides primary and comprehensive oral health care for children from infancy through adolescence and patients with special health care needs. Pediatric dentists are dedicated to the oral health of children from infancy through the teen years. They have the experience and qualifications to care for a child’s teeth, gums, and mouth throughout the various stages of childhood.

Pediatric Psychology is an interdisciplinary field addressing physical, cognitive, social, and emotional functioning and development as they relate to health and illness issues in children, adolescents, and families. Nearly every child or teen faces some challenges as they grow up because of peer pressure, family changes, a death or other loss, managing a chronic illness, or simply because it isn’t easy making the change from being a child to being an adult. Poor mental health can affect overall well-being and can lead to emotional and behavioral changes, ADHD and learning disabilities. Many children experience loss or stress, and others must manage their chronic illness at a young age. Some children have a disorder that runs in the family and puts them at higher risk for depression or anxiety.

Certain neurological conditions and diseases are especially common among children. Pediatric neurologists provide an early diagnosis and treatment plan for a wide range of neurological disorders in children. Child neurologists combine the special expertise in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, muscles, nerves) with an understanding of medical disorders in childhood and the special needs of the child and his or her family and environment. Pediatric neuropsychology is a sub-speciality within the field of clinical neuropsychology that studies the relationship between brain health and behaviour in children. Pediatric neuropsychologists work in any setting where children with central nervous system dysfunction are treated. In addition to assessing and treating children with medical disorders such as traumatic brain injury, brain tumors or epilepsy, pediatric neuropsychologists work with children who have Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities, intellectual and developmental disorders (mental retardation), autism, or Asperger's syndrome. Some may work in other settings, such as schools, and provide more traditional mental health services as well.

Children with head injuries frequently present to emergency departments. The test of the supplier is to deteremine which children have critical intracranial injuries that require intervention. Sepsis is a serious condition that happens when child's body overreacts to an infection. Sepsis is one of the most complex and challenging diseases in medicine. Timely diagnosis and initiation of therapy are required in order to prevent unnecessary increases in patient morbidity(bleakness) and mortality.

High-fidelity simulation is emerging as a powerful tool for pediatric emergency medicine and critical care education through both individual and team-based training exercises.

Allergies erupt in children more frequently than adults. This is because children’s immunity hasn’t fully developed, and they have to be guarded against a number of allergens. Allergens are nothing but substances that causes an allergic reaction in the human body. Children suffering from allergies are treated by Allergist. A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or conditions caused by allergy is called Allergist. 

Pediatric endocrinology is a therapeutic subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical development and sexual advancement in childhood, diabetes and some more. Endocrinology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones. It also covers such human functions as the coordination of metabolism, respiration, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement.

Pediatric Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. Internal Medicine-Pediatrics (Med-Peds) training and practice synthesizes the disciplines of both internal medicine and pediatrics. Med-Peds physicians tend to the care of patients throughout their life span. Medical conditions are unique to infants, children and teens.

Pediatric Otolaryngology is a therapeutic and surgical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of diseases, ailments and disorders or disarranges of the ear, nose, throat and related structures of head and neck, including the sinuses, larynx, oral cavity, and upper pharynx (mouth and throat) in children. Otolaryngology is usually called ENT.

If a child needs surgical or complex medical treatment for illnesses or issues influencing the ear, nose, or throat, a Pediatric otolaryngologist has the experience and qualifications to treat.