6th World Pediatric Congress August 18-19, 2016 Sao Paulo, Brazil

 Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And children are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Many infectious diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, can be prevented by vaccines. Frequent and thorough hand-washing also helps protect you from infectious diseases.

It is a disease that affects the skin, hair, or nails. Dermatologist specializes in diagnosing and treating children, including newborns and infants. Extra study and training are needed to become a pediatric dermatologist. Some diseases that affect the skin, hair, or nails are more common in children. Some of these diseases only occur in children. We need to understand that kids are not “little adults”. Certain dermatologic conditions are unique to children, and diseases sometimes present differently in children than in adults. Even more importantly, caring for children takes a unique approach that can’t be developed by seeing a few pediatric patients.

Children are not just small adults. Their bodies are growing and have unique medical needs. They usually express their concerns differently than adults do. They cannot always answer medical questions, and are not always able to be patient and cooperative. Pediatric nephrologists know how to examine and treat children in ways that help them relax and cooperate. In addition, pediatric nephrologists use medical equipment designed just for children. Most pediatric nephrologists’ offices are arranged and decorated for children. The Division of Pediatric Nephrology specializes in the diagnosis and management of children with a variety of acute and chronic kidney-related disorders. The division evaluates and treats hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, renal tubular acidosis, nephrolithiasis, glomerulonephritis, and kidney failure. It also provides comprehensive care for pediatric patients with end-stage kidney disease, including care to patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and follow-up care after kidney transplantation. 

Pediatric endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing with variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, as well as diabetes and other disorders of the endocrine glands. Hormones are chemicals that affect how other parts of the body work. For example, hormones decide how a child grows and matures. Endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, release hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrinology is the science that studies these glands and the effects of the hormones. 

The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders. The specialty also deals with hypoglycemia and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal,thyroid, and pituitary problems. Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism

Cardiovascular Diseases are types of heart disease observed in children and adolescents. Rheumatic heart diseases are thought to result from an autoimmune response, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. As many as 39% of patients with acute rheumatic fever may develop varying degrees of pancarditis with associated valve insufficiency, heart failure, pericarditis, and even death. The main evaluation factors are Cardiovascular Biology, Cardiac Cachexia, Blood Cholesterol & Obesity, Family history, Cardiovascular Physiology and Computational Biology of Heart etc.

An ear disease in children is most often a bacterial or viral infection that affects the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. Ear infections frequently are painful because of inflammation and buildup of fluids in the middle ear. Because ear infections often clear up on their own, treatment may begin with managing pain and monitoring the problem. Ear infection in infants and severe cases in general often require antibiotic medications. Common cold or Cold Sore is caused due to viral infectionor Allergy which primarily affects the nose. Signs and symptoms include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, and fever. The common cold virus is generally transmitted through airborne droplets, direct contact with infected nasal secretions etc. The nasal passage and paranasal sinuses (collectively sinonasal) plays host to a number of diseases and conditions. This can be collectively termed sinonasal disease or disorder. Sinusitis affecting children is termed as Pediatric sinusitis. 

A careful examination at delivery helps the physician detect anomalies, birth injuries, and cardiorespiratory disorders that may compromise a newborn's successful adaptation to extrauterine life. A detailed examination should also be performed after the newborn has completed the transition from fetal to neonatal life. . In 2010, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution on birth defects calling all Member States to promote primary prevention and improve the health of children with congenital anomalies  by developing and strengthening registration and surveillance systems and strengthening research and studies on etiology, diagnosis and prevention. Although congenital anomalies may be genetic, infectious, nutritional or environmental in origin, most often it is difficult to identify the exact causes. Some congenital anomalies can be prevented. For example, vaccination, adequate intake of folic acid or iodine through fortification of staple foods or provision of supplements, and adequate antenatal care are keys for prevention.

Historically, child protection has been commonly perceived to be a matter of concern to professionals in specialized social service, health, mental health, and justice system. Child abuse is more than bruises and broken bones. While physical abuse might be the most visible, other types of abuse, such as emotional abuse and neglect, also leave deep, lasting scars. The earlier abused children get help, the greater chance they have to heal and break the cycle—rather than perpetuate it. By learning about common signs of abuse and what you can do to intervene, you can make a huge difference in a child’s life.

Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric surgery arose in the middle of the 20th century as the surgical care of birth defects required novel techniques and methods and became more commonly based at children's hospitals. There are several pediatric conditions amendable to pediatric surgical treatment. Subspecialties of pediatric surgery itself include: neonatal surgery and fetal surgery.

Pediatric oncology is a specialty discipline in medicine concerned with diagnosing and treating children, usually up to the age of 18, with cancer. It is thought to be one of the most challenging of specialties because, despite successful treatment of many children, there is a high mortality rate still associated with various types of cancers.The most common cancer in children are Leukemia, which are cancers of the bone marrow and blood, are the most common childhood cancers. They account for about 30% of all cancers in children. Brain and central nervous system tumors are the second most common cancers in children, making up about 26% of childhood cancers. Neuroblastoma starts in early forms of nerve cells found in a developing embryo or fetus. About 6% of childhood cancers are neuroblastomas. Wilms tumor starts in one, or rarely, both kidneys.

Ongoing technological advances in pediatrics are improving the survival rates among babies born with life-threatening anomalies. For these neonates, surgeries like brain shunts, trachea, gut and heart reconstruction, and organ transplants are replacing palliative care. Although parents and health care professionals alike are celebrating the successes, advancing technology also raises issues for everyone involved.